Marvelous “Angel” Animals


They say there are angels on Earth. There may be, but in the animal world, there are certainly creatures with angel in their names. So which are these “angels”? Here is a short list.

Angel Wing

 This lovely white beauty is a type of Piddock shell which is a variety of clam. Despite its thin, brittle shell, the clam can bore into wood, clay, and even shale and gneiss rocks. Its elongated shell can reach as long as seven inches, and its surface has approximately 26 radiating ribs. Though Angel Wings are generally white, others are tinged with pink, resulting when they are exposed to red tide algae. They live in shallow water, sometimes as much as three feet deep in the mud. Specifically, they are found in many tropical waters. In the West Indies, the clam is a staple food item.

Marine Angelfish
Living in shallow reef in the tropical Atlantic, Indian and western Pacific Oceans, these fish have vibrant colors and deep, laterally compressed bodies. They closely resemble the butterflyfishes, another showy reef fish. The fish have small mouths and rounded to lunate tail fins. Their average length ranges from 20 to 30 cm. Larger species of these fish are food item, while the smaller ones are popular among aquarists. All marine angelfish are known to be hermaphrodites.




Freshwater Angelfish


Freshwater angelfish originate from the river basins in tropical South America and have now been bred around the world. They have compressed rounded bodies and elongated triangular fins that enable them to hide easily among plants and roots. They are prized for their unique shape, color, and behavior. Accordingly, these fishes are able to recognize their owners.
 

Angel Moth

This insect belongs to the silkworm moths family, and has the scientific name Olceclostera angelica. An adult has silvery-gray forewings with brown lines and shading and with scalloped outer margins, reminiscent of angel’s wings. It has furry legs and abdomen that looks as though dipped in glitter paint. Its wings span 32-42 mm, but may be larger for female. Angel moths are generally found in deciduous forests in North America.

Angel Shark


Angel shark is so much different from other sharks as it has flattened body and broad fins, much like the rays. Yet, its rear part is still muscular, more typical of other sharks. It grows to a length of 1.5 m (5 ft), with others reaching as long as 2 m. It buries itself in sand or mud lying in wait for its prey like fish, crustaceans and mollusks. It is ovoviviparous, producing litters of up to 13 pups. Angel sharks occur worldwide in temperate and tropical seas. They are slow-producing and so full protection of these animals from overfishing has been taken actions.

Angel Insect

Angel insects, also known as Hubbard’s angel insects or Zorapterans, are leggy, medium to dark brown termite. They are small, size ranging from 2.6 to 2.9 millimeters in length. They are widely distributed throughout North America. They are mostly found under the bark of moist logs and old sawdust piles in lumber mills where they eat fungi and pieces of dead small insects and mites. Angel insects live in colonies of 15 to 120 individuals, mostly around 30 of which 30% are nymphs and the remainder is adults. They are secretive, and seldom noticed by people. 

Ten Deadly Effects of Global Warming


Global warming is the rise of the average temperature of the Earth’s surface. From 1961 to 2003, there is a reported increase of 0.10OC. The presence and increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is attributed as the prime cause of this worldwide phenomenon. Global warming is inevitable and its effects on Earth have already been experienced. The lists below are ten of the deadly effects of global warming.

Polar ice caps melting and increased sea level. The immediate effect of global warming is the melting and possible disappearance of glaciers. If all the glaciers are melted today, the seas would rise about 230 feet. The present changes in tides have already sunk small islands around the tropics. Moreover, ice caps are good reflectors of sunlight. It they disappear, the ocean will become the remaining major reflector. The lands produced from the disappearance which are darker in color absorb sunlight, thereby warming the Earth more.



Increased tropical cyclone activity. Global warming speeds up vaporization of moisture from the Earth’s surface, thus increasing water vapor in the atmosphere and consequently the occurrence of more hurricanes. Yet, cyclonic activity may not be evenly distributed because of the difference in temperature gradient in both hemispheres. For the last two decades, major storms and flood disasters have been observed around the world, particularly in the tropical regions like South Asia and Latin America.



Greater occurrence of droughts and heat waves. Global warming increases the likelihood of occurrence and intensity of droughts and heat waves.  Severe heat waves have already been experienced in Europe, and the worst was in August 2003 when mortality exceeds 35,000 deaths. Africa will receive the worst of it where water is already a precious commodity. Accordingly, water shortage in the long run may cause local and cross-border conflicts.



Increased freshwater flow. It was reported that from 1994 to 2006, there was an increase of 18% in the flow of freshwater into the world’s oceans. This is partly due to melting of the polar ice caps and partly due to the increased precipitation. The massive floods experienced in several countries is alleged to this trend as it furthers encourage accumulation of vapor in the atmosphere, particularly in areas already experiencing high rainfalls.



Increased carbon release. The ocean plays a major role in global warming since it is a huge absorber of carbon dioxide. If the ocean water warms up, it becomes less able to absorb carbon dioxide, which consequently let this greenhouse gas build up in the atmosphere.



Damage to biodiversity. The extensive effect of global warming to the ecosystem is manifested in ocean biodiversity. Warm water harms and kills algae in the oceans which, being on the top of the food chain, are the primary food for many fishes, crabs, shellfishes, and many other animals. Moreover, changes in ocean temperature modify prevailing current systems and encourage migration of fishes. Hence, global warming is a major threat to ocean life. In terrestrial ecosystems, global warming may lead to forest fires, damage to vegetation, and even extinction of some species.



Malnutrition. There is an expected increase in malnutrition due to global warming. One reason is its important impact to agriculture and food production.  Global warming causes climate change as carbon dioxide level, temperature, and precipitation patterns are altered which affects the productivity of crops, particularly cereals, and much of these effects are on the negative side. Quite obvious, drought reduces overall consumption.



Health Issues. Accordingly, rise global temperature also increases the probability of diarrheal diseases, cardio-respiratory diseases, meningitis, and many infectious diseases.  Scientists believe that one of the reasons why dengue and malaria has not been fully eliminated is global warming. The heating of lands, particularly in the northern hemisphere, forces migration of insects to the north. Along with their movement are the diseases and plagues they are carrying.



Migration and conflict. The reduction of natural resources like water and tillable land for agriculture caused by climate change may bring about migration of local and regional populations. Likewise, massive coastal and riverine flooding also causes the same thing to happen.  When this happens, the relocation of large masses of people poses migration pressures and may exacerbate conflicts.



Economic strain. Much of the effects stipulated above have utmost consequence on the economy of any country. Droughts and hurricanes entail great worth of damage, so do disease control, conflicts settlement and biodiversity maintenance.

Marvelous Animal Robots


Over the years, man has never ceased to copy the things that fascinate him. Airplanes were created because he wanted to fly just like the birds. Submarines were invented because he wanted to explore the deepest seas just like the fishes. And in many of these creations, man has always find inspirations in the animal world.

Alas! Man has finally produced an almost exact likeness of certain animals. These robots are not only physically similar to animals but they also mimic their behaviors and even their sounds. Well, here are some of the most marvelous animal robots.
 

Airpenguin

Penguins do not fly, yet they are excellent divers. They are aquatic birds who have lost their ability of flight in the course of genetic development.  But guys in Festo, a company in Germany, have created a robotic replica of penguin which can fly in the sea of air and named it AirPenguin.

The AirPenguin is composed of a helium-filled ballonet (having a capacity of approx. 1 cubic meter with approx. 1 kg of buoyant force) and a part called 3D Ray® structure located at each end of the ballonett. The 3D Ray® structure is a pyramid-shaped structure made up of  four carbon fiber rods connected at joints by a series of rings spaced approx. 10 cm apart. This structure enables the AirPenguin to move freely in any spatial direction. The AirPenguin also has wings which are attached to a strut passing through the helium-filled ballonet. The wings have actuators which facilitate the continuously variable control of the flapping frequency, forward and reverse motion, and ascent and descent. With regards to its size, the AirPenguin has an overall length of 3.70 m with a maximum torso diameter of 0.88 m.


The AirPenguin is equipped with a microcontroller which gives it the free will to explore a pre-defined air space. The microcontroller also controls a total of nine digital actuators for the wings, head and tail sections. Hence, the AirPenguin has autonomous self-regulating systems with collective behaviors.

Accordingly, this research project of Festo’s Bionic Learning Network will hopefully help “for future requirements in the automation of production processes.”


Aquajelly

 Jellyfishes are truly lovely to look at, but just too itchy to be touched. But more than that stinging feature, these creatures which are approximately 99% water have efficiently adopted themselves to both salt and freshwater. They are very amazing sea animals that guys in Festo, again, made a robotic version of them called Aquajelly.

Aquajelly is an artificial self-supporting jellyfish with an electric drive and an intelligent, adaptive mechanical system. It is made up of a translucent hemisphere, a central watertight body (which houses the central electric motor, two lithium-ion polymer accumulator batteries, the charging control unit, and the several actuators), and eight tentacles for propulsion designed to emulate swarming behavior.


Inside the Aquajelly’s translucent hemisphere is an annular control board with integrated pressure, light and radio sensors. The pressure sensor helps the Aquajelly determine its precise location (through its depth in the basin) at all times so it can reposition itself within a specific pressure zone. Secondly, the radio sensor enables communication at the water’s surface between several Aquajellies. The third sensor, light, is the principal communication medium under water. For example, when an Aquajelly receives a positional signal from another approaching jellyfish, it can actually take evasive action.

Aside from the sensors that monitor surroundings, it is also fitted with an internal sensor that monitors its energy conditions; hence, the Aquajelly is rechargeable. It has a charging control unit on its outside, and it continuously communicates with a charging station located above the water to ensure that it is supplied with sufficient energy. It simply approaches a station for recharging which takes around three hours.

Truly, the Aquajelly is another wonder in the field of robotics.


AIBO


Dogs are man’s best friends. They are really loyal and dependable pets. Almost everyone has dog(s) at home. But not anyone can commit to the responsibility of having them as pets, or that others have allergy to their hairs. Maybe, this is why people in Japan invented a robotic pet named AIBO.

AIBO stands for Artificial Intelligence robot (homonymous with “pal” or “partner” in Japanese) and was designed and manufactured by Sony. It was introduced on May 11, 1999 and there have been several different models ever since.

 AIBO is autonomous; it can walk, it can see its environment through its camera, and it can recognize spoken commands in Spanish and English. Its reactions are based on certain external stimuli from their owner, their environment, and from other AIBOs. A fully mature robot can understand and obey up to 100 voice commands.


 There was an International AIBO Convention which took place every year at Sony Robotics Tower in Shinjuku prefecture. The convention usually features AIBO advertisements, free accessories, freeware and open-source download, and many others. Moreover, there was the yearly RoboCup Four-Legged Robot Soccer League where competitors would program a team of AIBO robots to play soccer games against another.

On January 26, 2006 Sony announced that it would discontinue AIBO. However, AIBO will still be supported until 2003 and AIBO technology will continue to be developed for use in other consumer products.

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The Anatomy of French Fries

French fries have always been one of the world’s most favorite snacks. In the recent years, it has gained lesser patronage from consumers because of many alleged health hazards. But if we come to think of it, French fries are made of potatoes which are rich source of fiber and carbohydrates. So in what way French fries pose danger to our body? And up to what extent?

French fries are made out of potato strips deep fried in oil with a dose of salt and seasoning for taste. Basically, the meal consists of three main ingredients: potato, oil, and salt. Although there have been some variations like using camote, potato remains to be the most common French fries. Potato is a vegetable food and it known to have great health benefits. It is a rich source of Vitamin C vital for a sound immune system, heart and skin.
 

It also contains Vitamin B6 which can help prevent allergies, kidney stones, heart diseases, mental depressions and other health problems. Moreover, potato can provide Vitamin A, potassium, iron, copper and other microelements for the body. It is also an efficient food for energy production as it contains loads of carbohydrates. Plus, it aids digestion via its fibers.

Ironically, certain preparations of this food can be dangerous. Its skin is normally peeled off which actually contains most of the nutrients. Further, most vitamin C is lost when cooking. But the greatest threat is that potato when deep fried, just like French fries, will contain acrylamide which is known to be a carcinogen (cancer-causing). This chemical substance form naturally when starch-rich food are baked, grilled, toasted, fried or microwaved at high temperatures. In the case of French fries, potatoes are usually cooked at 190OC (374OF) which is high enough to cause acrylamide formation. Accordingly, French fries, particularly fast foods, contain about 300 times more than the safe limits recommended by WHO (World Health Organization). In a study of mice, acrylamide has caused lung, skin, thyroid, mammary gland, and even brain tumors in rats. However, studies with humans exposed to acrylamide, whether in occupationally exposed workers or in the population in general, have not yet produced consistent evidence to support increased cancer risk in human.

Another turn-off for French fries is the saturated fat and trans fat they contain. Even the best oils like olive and canola have health hazards when subjected to too much heat.  Consumption of saturated fat, trans fat, and dietary cholesterol raises the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), commonly known as “bad cholesterol” which increases the risk of coronary heart diseases. Consequently, it will lead to fat accumulation in the body and then to obesity. Further, trans fat can potentially damage body cells which encourages tumor formation.

Lastly, French fries contains sodium from salt and seasonings. Having gall stones is only one of the many problems too much sodium in the body can cause.

So the next time we order French fries for our meal, we better think twice. Checking the labels may help, yet labels do not tell all. There may be no concrete evidences on the hazards of eating French fries. Because if this food is totally dangerous, French fries would have long been wiped out on the face of the planet, or being sold only on black markets and smuggled like addictive drugs. We can say it is still relatively safe to eat French fries. But like people and ads always say, take things in moderation.

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Human Placenta To Treat Cancer


The search for remedy for cancers has been fervent through the years and the potential of several plant and animal parts to provide answers has been thoroughly explored. It is very ironic that an emerging cure for cancer is found inside the human body itself.

The placenta from a healthy woman has been found to contain corticoids, peptides, amino acids, lysozome, aminopolysaccharides, and anticancer proteins. Specific cells extracted from human placenta can repress cancer tumor which weakens the normal immune defense of the patient. 
 

The idea was first conceived by Scottish embryologist John Beard of the University of Edinburgh way back 1901. He observed that cancer cells behaved like trophoblast cells – the cells that normally surround the healthy, developing human embryo. These trophoblast cells make up the outer layer of the embryo, responsible for attaching the latter to the uterus and providing nutrition to it and to the developing fetus. At the beginning, these cells gather together and dig a hole in the uterus where the embryo is then planted. They become the chorionic villi as the fetus’ half of the placenta. The behaviors of these cells are aggressive, relentless, wild, and invasive. Similarly, cancer cells act this way.

According to Beard, “Cancer is simply trophoblast in the wrong place at the wrong time, triggered into malignant life by what we could hormones and carcinogens.” However, when World War I broke out, technology on radiation therapy and chemotherapy diverted medical interests away from Beard’s theories.

In recent years, attention on this matter resurfaced as stem cell concept is developed. Researchers have found out that stem cells are the source of malignancy. It appears that it is the immune system itself that is hindering its own activity of defense. This behavior marks a resemblance to that of the embryo. Hence, the placental extract can inhibit this behavior and thus immunize the patient against the fetus-like behavior of the cancer cells. In several tests, immunization with placental extract has decreased blocking factor and thereby reducing the tumor mass in patients.

Truly, the body has its own way of healing itself, in one way or another.

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Don’t Yawn On This


How often do you yawn each day? Only once? Or ten times? How long is each yawn? Five seconds? Or ten? Do you affect others with your yawn? And do others also mean animals? Yawn may be just an ordinary reflex action, but there is much to learn about it.

Yawn is the opening of the mouth, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, with a long, full inspiration of the breath. It is a reflex of simultaneous inhalation of air and stretching of the eardrums. The act is called as pandiculation.

There are several theories why humans yawn.
These are the following:

a. Yawning occurs when the blood contains too much carbon dioxide that it needs the influx of oxygen which a yawn can provide. However, studies have shown that yawning actually reduces oxygen intake compared to normal breathing.
b. Yawning is a natural reflex to stretch the muscles. It also helps keep the body ready for action, just like stretching before any exercise.
c. Another theory is that yawning is a way of controlling brain temperature. Similar notion states that it is in fact used for regulation of body temperature. This can be attributed to the influx or outflux of oxygen in the brain or body.
d. Yawns are also caused by the same chemicals, called as neurotransmitters, inside the brain that affect emotions, mood, appetite, and other phenomenon. This is why yawning is commonly associated with tiredness, stress, overwork, lack of simulation, and boredom.

Yawning has been observed to be contagious. Looking at another person’s yawning face, even reading, thinking, or seeing a yawning picture can cause a person to yawn. This indicates empathy, or that yawning is just an appreciation of other people’s behavioral and physiological state. They yawn, so we yawn as well. The contagious yawning is supposedly caused by mirror neurons in the brain that urges human to imitate certain actions. Contagious yawning has not been observed in humans alone but also with other animals like dogs.

In animals, yawning can mean the following:

a. As a warning signal.  Baboons yawn and display their large canine teeth to threaten enemies. Guinea pigs yawn to show anger or dominance.
b. As part of courtship ritual, like in penguins.
c. As exercise, like in snakes to realign their jaws after a meal.
d. As means to regulate oxygen and body heat, like in fishes.

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